Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats
IBD -(neutrophilic entercolitis)
IBD diagnosis
IBD
IBD and prednisone
IBD and long use of pred in cats
IBD and diarrhea
IBD and problems getting Muffin to eat
Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms
Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease and urinary problems

also see eosinophilic granuloma complex
also see Medication
also see Digestive problems
also see cat diarrhea

IBD - (neutrophilic enterocolitis)
Question: Dear Dr. Mike,
Thanks a lot for all your answers: as you most certainly know, IBD may drive absolutely crazy not only cat owners but a veterinarian as well!!
I feel that our vet is running out of answers/solutions, so maybe you'll suggest something different...
My 3 years old cat has IBD (neutrophilic enterocolitis). He is on Z/D diet and on prednisone. Then he was diagnosed with Giardia and was on metronidazole for 6 days. His stool looked fine for some time, and I started thinking of reducing his prednisone dose. However, after a while, his stool had become (although it was only once a day) pudding-like again and there was always blood at the end.
Then our vet gave us Tylosin solution (1cc daily) which worked as well but only after 2 weeks of taking it,
(metronidazole was better and quicker - maybe because it was first?), however, blood still presented. As soon as we were done with Tylosin (lasted 3 weeks) my cat was back to square 1 again: pudding-like stool with the blood at the end. Plus, we've found out recently that he has acne under his chin - can it be a reaction to Tylosin?
My another question is: should he be on antibiotics for longer period of time? If yes, on what antibiotic and for how long (considering side effects, etc)? We can ask our vet for another antibiotic, but is there any sense to force the drug into the cat and to make him suffer, if at the end he comes back to what he was before? I feel like it's some kind of cul-de-sac, don't you?
Thanks again,
Corinne
Answer: Corrine-
It is probably best to approach inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a life-long condition that can be controlled but may not ever be cured. Some cats do get better after the use of medications and do not have recurrences of the clinical signs of IBD, but many cats require intermittent or continuous care for the most of their lives. There are still some things to try before really giving in to this definition, though.
Since metronidazole helped, but the problem returned, it is possible that giardia are still present. Another medication that can kill giardia is fenbendazole (Panacur Rx). This is usually given for three to five days at the usual dosages for deworming, since the same dosage works for the giardia. I think it is worth trying this medication once.
We usually try to use metronidazole for a thirty day period when it works well, to see if we can get the IBD to actually go away. Once in a while this seems to work.
Tylosin (Tylan Rx) is usually used in IBD when it seems apparent that long term antibiotic therapy is going to be necessary. In many instances it is used continuously for very long periods of time, until several months pass without signs of IBD or until it stops working. An alternative medication for long term antibiotic therapy is sulfasalazine (Azulfidine Rx). It is usually dosed at 10 to 20mg/kg every 12 hours for inflammatory bowel disease in cats. It does break down into a salicylate compound and since cats sometimes have a hard time processing salicylates it is a good idea to periodically check liver function values and to monitor red blood cell counts or the hematocrit to make sure that there is
no anemia induced by the medication. Our goal is to use one of these antibiotics in place of prednisone, or to lower prednisone dosage whenever possible.
If the z/d (tm) diet didn't make too much difference, I would recommend trying one of the hairball formula foods. These seem to help many of the cats we see with IBD in our practice. If you think z/d helped a lot then switching probably isn't a good idea. It might be best to talk this over with your vet.

Whenever possible we like to refer patients with IBD for endoscopic examination and intestinal biopsy. This sometimes gives a definitive answer (it might be how your vet arrived at neutrophilic enterocolitis). Since many of our clients are reluctant to pursue this diagnostic test due to cost, fear of anesthesia, inconvenience, etc, we are often forced to take a "trial and error" approach to IBD therapy. When this happens we usually try the medications you and your vet have been using and as outlined above. When these don't work we sometimes go on a hunt for medications that might help, using a "trial and error" approach. Medications that have helped a small number of cats include tetracycline antibiotics, famotidine (Pepcid AC tm) administration, essential fatty acid supplementation using 3V Capsules, methylprednisolone acetate (DepoMedrol Rx) injections instead
of oral prednisone and loperamide (Immodium AD tm) or diphenoxylate ( Lomotil Rx) administration for a week or so after diarrhea is controlled by the medications (I can't explain why this works). There are probably other medications we have tried, or others have tried, that also help a small number of patients.
It is a good idea to periodically run a complete blood count and serum chemistry panel to make sure that a hidden systemic problem, such as kidney failure or liver failure is not contributing to the problem.
We do have some clients who elect just to live with the diarrhea and/or vomiting and not to treat their cats at all. While I think these cats are probably uncomfortable this choice doesn't seem to affect their life spans much. The patients I can remember just continued to have diarrhea or soft stools with occasional fresh blood and seemed to live normal lives otherwise in many cases. I really can't advocate this approach since it is possible to control this disorder with effort, in most cats, but it is a better option than deciding on euthanasia prematurely.
I hope that this helps some.
Mike Richards, DVM
3/10/2001

IBD - frequent vomiting
Question: Hello - GREAT web site! I became a subscriber immediately. I have a
couple of questions that will help me take care of my 2 cat buddies
(Black and Grey). I adopted them from a shelter 8 years ago, and they
have not had many problems, but there are a few things I was hoping to
understand better. Both cats are neutered males.
1. Black has sort of been diagnosed with IBD. He vomits frequently, and
it is often undigested food. Rather than go thru invasive and
uncomfortable exploratory surgeries, my vet recommended I give him
Prednisilone - which I attempted in Sept. of 1997. It was difficult to
have him take the pill, and he started to avoid me thinking I was going
to medicate him all the time. After no significant improvement with the
vomiting after a month, we tried something else - monthly injections of
Depomedrol to see if that controlled the vomiting. Did that from Oct. of
1997 to June of 1998, but because it did not vastly improve his behavior
- we decided to discontinue because I wanted to avoid the effects of the
medication on his long term health (diabetes, etc.). Black has no other
health problems, his weight has been consistent at about 16-18 pounds
for the past few years - he eats well, he drinks well (obsessed with
water, but that's something altogether different) and he seems to be
very content and happy. As long as this is the case, should I even
worry about the fact that he vomits frequently? Does this harm him? Is
there anything I should do to try to change this behavior? I don't
really enjoying cleaning up a mess, and it does sometimes stain my
carpet, but I can live with that as long as his health is not
compromised. What do you suggest?
2. In order to try to curb Black's vomiting, I've been feeding both
cats Science Diet's Sensitive Stomach formula. (There isn't a way that I
can feed them different diets - their food is available from a common
bowl 24 hrs. a day). This does not seem to have had a significant
effect on the vomiting behavior - it still occurs about once or twice a
week. In the past, Grey did have a bout with a urinary tract infection
(which I know can be deadly) so I have been cautious about the type of
food I provide. Given ALL of the circumstances I've explained
(vomiting, scooting, 8 years of age), is there something in particular
that you would recommend as the best diet for both of my buddies? I'd
like to keep them as healthy as possible.
I appreciate any information or suggestions you have. Thanks so much!
Sharon

Answer: Sharon-
I think that you are trying to ask if it will hurt Black in the future if you don't treat the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that he is showing now. The answer is unfortunately, that I do not know. To me, saying that a cat has IBD is a little like saying that it has dermatitis. This is sort of a diagnosis but it isn't a very specific one. There are a number of recognized causes of inflammatory bowel disorders, even though many of them will respond to similar treatments.
Many of my clients don't treat their cats who are vomiting on a regular basis and often won't even mention the problem unless I specifically ask if their cat is vomiting. I can't say that I have correlated this lack of treatment with specific long term consequences in untreated cats. However, there seems to be agreement among veterinarians who research IBD that it is often a self-perpetuating condition and that not treating the condition can lead to significant worsening of the disorder in some cats. It is a good idea to rule out systemic disorders that might cause vomiting, like kidney disease, diabetes and liver disease, usually through the use of blood chemistry analysis. It might be worth considering testing for heartworm disease in some areas of the country, as well.
The first efforts at diagnosing and treating this condition probably should be directed towards eliminating roundworms and dietary control. Deworming even if roundworms aren't found on a fecal examination is reasonable. I think that I would prefer to start with a hypoallergenic diet (Hills z/d tm, for instance). It is OK to feed both cats the hypoallergenic diet. If this is not beneficial after six to eight weeks, then I think I would move towards to the Sensitive Stomach (tm) or hair ball remedy type diets, as they tend to include increased omega n3 fatty acids, which seem to help with inflammation. Supplementing B-vitamins might be a good idea over the long term for a cat who is vomiting frequently, as well. Low fat and/or moderate fiber diets also help in some cases.
At this point, a decision really does have to be made. Is it worthwhile to try medications? In Black's case, I'm not so sure. The best goal using corticosteroids is to suppress IBD for a period of one to two months and see if will stay suppressed for a while. If so, occasional use of corticosteroids seems reasonable. If not, then it is harder to justify the use of corticosteorids. In Black's case it seems like you already have an answer to this question, in that the corticosteroids haven't helped much. An alternative is to use metronidazole (Flagyl Rx) to suppress the clinical signs on an intermittent basis, or perhaps tylosin (Tylan Rx). Cats generally dislike both of these medications so there is a "hassle factor" to their use. At least metronidazole is a tablet so that the poor taste isn't as much of a factor. If metronidazole can suppress the vomiting and the effect lasts for a while, it is worth considering.
At this point, all the easy steps are used up. Diagnosis then moves towards intestinal biopsies collected surgically or endoscopically. Ultrasound examination can help in deciding if IBD is a problem and in eliminating other problems like pancreatitis. For many of our clients these tests are not an option due to cost, convenience or some other factor.
I think it is worth going through the easy steps and then I think it is harder to figure out what to do when it is obvious that a major diagnostic workup and continual treatment are likely to be necessary for a patient who isn't showing much signs of having a significant problem. I think it is reasonable to wait and see what happens at this point as long as you aren't going to consider euthanasia, or giving up Black, if the vomiting doesn't stop, which doesn't sound like it is the case.
The incidence of inflammatory urinary tract disease diminishes as cats age, in most cases. So even if Grey's initial problem was due to this, there is a good chance that the diet change won't matter at this point. Usually we like to be sure that urinary tract disorders are going to be chronic prior to using the acidifying diets and so I'd be comfortable without this diet in a patient of mine that only had one incidence of urinary tract disease, anyway. However, your vet may have thought the incident was severe or saw something in the lab work or about the case that prompted a switch in diets. Either way, I wouldn't be adverse to trying the dietary change in a patient of mine with this history.
I hope that this helps some.
Mike Richards, DVM
9/18/2001
IBD diagnosis
Question: Dear Dr Mike
We would be very grateful for your opinion on our cat Sooty. He may have
irritable bowel syndrome.
The main question is this: we need to decide whether to pursue invasive
diagnosis methods or rely on our best guess of his problem, which it is
thought may be irritable bowel syndrome.
Since the main point of diagnosis is subsequent treatment, we would like to
be able to form an opinion as to how likely it is that Sooty has IBS - and
then weigh this against the potential value and drawbacks of the diagnosis
methods.
To do this it would useful to know what causes other then IBS fit his
symptoms - and whether the treatment for them is different to the treatment
for IBS.
We would be grateful for your opinion on how best to proceed.
We've done a mini-summary, which hopefully is enough detail - but also
enclosed a more detailed summary afterwards.
MINI-SUMMARY____________________________________
Sooty is probably about 12 or so - we're not sure. We've had him for the past
three years. He is male. He is a tough character, but very friendly. You'd
like him.
He has had three phases of health problems starting in October of last year:
1/. October to December 2000: Bringing up fur balls - often on a daily basis.
2/. January to February 2001: Vomiting continues, again, often on a daily
basis, but now food is brought up rather than fur balls.
/. Mid-March onwards: diarrhoea problems as above. Vomiting is now
infrequent, and now seems to occur immediately after he has been straining
hard. Perhaps only twice in the past two weeks - markedly less than before.
In addition to the possibility of IBS, he also has some type of mouth problem
which makes him flick his tongue out. The vets can't see any reason for this.
It has persisted since the beginning of March.
Despite the tough time he has had over the past six months, he has remained
very resilient throughout and on 6th April our vet described him as still
being in 'good condition'.
The present symptom which is causing most concern is his passing of motion.
He is making many trips to the litter tray, and passing just tiny drops of
watery diarrhoea. I understand that this symptom is characteristic of a lower
bowel problem.
To start with the diarrhoea had red blood in it, but this isn't apparent now.
Its colour is very dark. It can have fluid with it, which I understand occurs
with IBS.
The quantity seems far less than one would expect for the amount he is eating
- although he has been given a protein-rich tasty diet to tempt his appetite.
Sooty is clearly caused significant discomfort generally by this, and finds
it difficult to get comfortable. He will also sometimes pass tiny drops of
diarrhoea where he stands.
This symptom has persisted for the past six weeks, but with some noticeably
improvement in the recent days.
Since 7th March, IBS has been pursued as the working diagnosis - with an
antiinflammatory steroid and antibiotic being prescribed. These drugs are
having an affect when administered by injection - although we previously had
little success with them as tablets, which we were unable to administer
reliably.
Following the second lot of injections on 6th April, his motion became
semi-normal, and quantity seemed more commensurate with what he'd been
eating. His visits to his tray fell from a dozen times a day to about four,
and perhaps one day when he didn't go at all. His motion is very dark, and it
sometimes has a very dark greenish tinge to it. He seemed close to back to
normal.
Sadly, when the effect of the injections wears off, after four days, he
declines again, and this morning the multiple trips to the tray started
again, and he didn't want to eat, and appeared in discomfort. He then had his
third lot of injections mid-morning, which had an almost instant effect -
both on his appetite and the number of visits to his tray.
The vet no longer wants to give the drugs by injection, and has said that we
need only give the steroid tablet (Medrone) in future - starting Saturday.
In the hope of making a conclusive diagnosis, two options are being offered
to us, as I've mentioned above:
1/. Endoscopy, which we've been told will cost around 1,000 pounds (around
1,500 dollars); it may not yield a definite answer; and will require Sooty to
be off medication for 14 days, so that biopsy samples will not be compromised
by drugs.
2/. Exploratory surgery. Less expensive, but more invasive for Sooty.
Presumably he would also need to be off medication for the same period for
the same reason.
A fecal sample - a small amount of very watery diarrhoea - collected 5th
April, six days after the first lot of injections, produced the following
result:
i). microscopical examination: no ova, larvae or protozoa found.
ii). undigested meat fibres: no undigested meat fibres seen.
iii). fat globules: no fat globules seen.
iv). salmonella: negative (via selective enrichment)
v). campylobacter culture: negative for campylobacter spp.
Finally, his mouth problem. It appears to cause him difficulty when eating
sometimes. But at anytime he may flick his tongue out, as though trying to
dislodge something, and chew a little. He also often does it after straining
in his tray. He also sometimes chews a piece of grit from his tray. The vets
have looked a couple of times but can't see anything. Sooty had a dental
treatment on 3rd January 2001.
So..
May endoscopy or an exploratory operation reveal an alternative diagnosis
which would require a different treatment to that presently being given? -
And, importantly, what are the other possible diagnosis?
Any ideas on his mouth problem?
Do you have any suggestions for diet? He has been given a lot of minced beef
to encourage his appetite in the past weeks - raw I'm afraid, upon which he
is very keen.
Hopefully, the above is detailed enough, but if it's useful a chronology of
events follows__________________________________
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN MORE DETAIL ______________________
Problems started back in October of last year, and have had three phases:
1/. October to December 2000: Bringing up fur balls - often on a daily basis.
2/. January to February 2001: Vomiting continues, but now food rather than
fur balls.
3/. Mid March onwards: diarrhoea problems as above - although the amount of
vomiting has greatly decreased.
In October of last year, Sooty began to bring up fur balls.
The size of the fur balls was (to us at least) surprisingly large. It
persisted up to about Christmas. He didn't often bring up much food with the
fur balls, but he did loose some weight - although he was a bit a overweight
to start with.
The fur balls became a daily occurrence for quite a lot of this period. Sooty
was moulting during this period. None the less he bounced back very quickly
after vomiting each time, often wanting to be fed immediately afterwards.
We don't remember his defecation being a serious problem at the time,
although it has since become one.
However, we recollect that there were periods at this time when we were
concerned that Sooty may have been constipated. He was given 'Katalax' (a
liquid parafin-based laxative in a tube) on a regular basis at a number of
points during this period, although this was primarily with the intention of
aiding the progression of the fur through his system.
During this period Sooty also had a problem with his teeth. We had been
waiting since 8th November 2000, for him to have a dental treatment - we were
hoping for a period when he stopped vomiting. His dental was eventually done
on 3rd January in which a canine was removed which had an abscess. This left
him with no upper canines.
20th December 2000: Sooty was tried on a 'hairball formula' biscuit diet. But
wouldn't eat it very readily. However, there was a five-day break in the
vomiting.
29th December 2000: Sooty had a blood test - a full laboratory profile and a
cite t4 test, which was 'all clear'.
Liver: His blood suggested a minor liver mass reduction, but his abdominal
X-ray (on 3rd January 2001) showed that he had a larger-than-normal liver,
which the vet suggested is possibly normal for him, because he is a big cat.
Kidneys: we were told that there is scale rating for kidneys on which 12 is
normal and 20 high. Sooty had a 13 rating.
Thyroid: okay.
Also on 29th December he was given a synulox injection, and put on a course
of synulox tablets, in case it was gastric inflammation which was causing him
to keep bringing up fur balls.
As the new year progressed vomiting was still a regular occurrence, but
mainly food rather than fur balls. At worst he sometimes vomited three times
a day. Although always recovered very quickly. He had stopped moulting.
8th January 2001: he was given metoclopramide injection and dexadreson
injection - being being an antiinflammatory, the other to stop him vomiting.
These gave him an adverse reaction: a very uncomfortable evening in which he
cried out in pain three times, and was unable to settle, and was
uncharacteristically aggressive to our other cat.
14th February 2001. Sooty had an antiinflammatory steroid injection
(depomedrone) which was supposed to last six weeks. Sooty then had a period
of thirteen days in which he didn't vomit. The vet said Sooty had a severe
gastric upset.
28th February 2001: antepsin was tried (without success) to calm Sooty's
stomach.
7th March 2001: we reported to the vet that Sooty had had very bad diarrhoea
for the past two weeks. His motion was very loose, and contained red blood
(we'd previously thought that the 'Katalax' was responsible for the colour,
because we'd been giving it to him regularly, but Sooty wasn't having it any
longer). The quantity that he was passing was also very small - to us it
seemed incommensurate with the amount he was eating.
Irritable bowel syndrome and 'infiltrating lymphoma' were mentioned as
possible causes.
Sooty was put on a course of tablets to treat irritable bowel syndrome:
prednisolone 1mg twice daily and metronidazole 50mg also twice daily. He was
also tried on a specialised diet (Hills i/d), but he didn't take to this.
9th March 2001: we took Sooty to the vet because of a mouth problem which was
making it difficult for him to eat. He kept flicking his tongue out a long
way as though trying to clear something out of his mouth. The vet couldn't
get a good look inside his mouth, but put him on a course of synulox tablets
in case his throat was inflamed, but we didn't give him these because we were
having enough trouble getting the other tablets in him.
13th March 2001: The diarrhoea is persisting - he passes just a few small
drops at a time, making frequent visits to his tray, and straining hard to
go. The amount he passes is very small overall, and doesn't seem to
correspond with the amount he is eating. The vet says that he is not blocked,
and has normal temperature.
17th March 2001: same conditions reported to the vet - in four days he's
hardly passed anything, but is straining very hard and making many visits to
his tray. Examination and an X-ray shows that he doesn't have blockage. Small
amount may be due to the high protein diet of 'treats' which he is being fed
to encourage his appetite.
24th March 2001: mouth problems persist. Vet can't see any problem, and gives
pain-killing injection, which helps and Sooty was able to eat.
30th March 2001: mouth problems and motion problems persist. Sooty is
downcast and not eaten for two days and we haven't been able to get tablets
in him. Vet can't see any problem with mouth, and gives antibiotic injection,
and anti-inflammatory injection: lentrax and dexafort - to last for about
four days. Sooty responds well and is much better over the next three or four
days.
6th April 2001: much as 30th March - we can't get Sooty to eat, and can't get
tablets in him. Same two injections given again, and Sooty responds very well
as before. His diarrhoea improves significantly, and far fewer trips to the
litter tray. Appetite is good.
11th April 2001: the effect of the injections has worn off and Sooty doesn't
want to eat, and diarrhoea and straining return. More injections have a fast
effect. The vet doesn't want to give more injections in future, but wants to
return to try to give just steroid tablet (Medrone).
Answer: Terry-
I think that most vets, including me, are more comfortable treating
inflammatory bowel disease when we know what the underlying cause is. In
our experience, it is possible to get a pretty sure diagnosis using
endoscopic biopsy in about 2/3 of the cases we refer for this procedure.
Many of our clients opt not to try for a biopsy, primarily due to the cost
involved. So we do a lot of "trial and error" diagnosis, based on response
to therapy. Most of the time it is possible to find a treatment that works
but there is always a little doubt that we are using medications we don't
have to or even that we shouldn't, which is the reason that we like to have
the diagnosis in hand.
These are the things that might look like irritable bowel syndrome but not
be that I can think of offhand: liver disease, chronic pancreatitis,
intestinal lymphoma (a cancer but this does usually respond to cortisone
injections, at least for a while), hyperthyroidism, intestinal parasites
(sometimes it takes several fecal samples to find these) and food
allergies. Once in a while a problem with megacolon in cats will look like
painful diarrhea because the big lumps of stool that can't be passed are
painful but liquid stool finds its way around these and so the cat seems to
have diarrhea.
We see the lip licking most commonly with liver disease and once in a while
with hyperthyroidism. Some of the liver diseases don't show up well in
normal lab work but can be found with bile acid testing. Hyperthyroidism is
relatively easy to test for but should have some other signs, like weight
loss and restlessness. Odd vocalizations are a sign that is frequently seen
with hyperthyroidism. Pancreatitis is hard to diagnose in a cat. Abdominal
ultrasound can give some hints and one of the advantages of surgical biopsy
over endoscopic biopsy is that it is also possible to obtain biopsy samples
from the pancreas and the liver, as well as the intestines.
Your vets may have already ruled out liver disease and may feel comfortable
that hyperthyroidism and pancreatitis are unlikely. If this is the case
then the next step is the biopsy procedure, or to continue with treatment,
since you have found a treatment that seems to work well. Personally, I am
comfortable giving methylprednisolone (DepoMedrol Rx) injections long term
if I can keep the intervals to three to four weeks between injections (and
will sometimes settle for two weeks), but since that doesn't seem possible
based on the four to five day success rate you are seeing your vet is right
to pursue oral medications since over time, the dose can be controlled better
Good luck with this. If you need further information or more specific
information, please don't hesitate to ask for it.
Mike Richards, DVM
4/13/2001

Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is probably the most common cause of chronic vomiting or diarrhea in cats under the age of 8 to 10 years. It is unclear at this time whether this is one condition or several conditions that appear very much alike. In older cats, hyperthyroidism is also a common cause of vomiting or regurgitation. This disorder can occur at young ages but is more common in middle aged and older cats. Many cats do not exhibit any clinical signs other than chronic vomiting. The vomiting may occur intermittently and often the cat does not appear to be affected at all other than vomiting frequently. The cyclic nature of this disease makes it difficult to evaluate the success of treatment in some cases and causes many cat owners to put off treatment longer than they should.
While vomiting is the most common clinical sign, diarrhea, weight loss, depression and behavioral changes can also occur.
This problem must be distinguished from other fairly common causes of vomiting, including hyperthyroidism, lymphosarcoma, feline heartworm disease, intestinal parasites, viral illnesses and pancreatic disease. Testing should be done to rule out these conditions, if possible.
IBD can only be diagnosed accurately from intestinal biopsy samples. The most common way to biopsy the intestine is through endoscopy. Flexible endoscopes that can be passed into the intestinal tract are used to visualize and biopsy the intestine. It is important to rule out the other possible problems by labwork, if possible, prior to considering intestinal biopsy. In some cases, it is hard to arrange for biopsy to be done. In this case, therapeutic trials of anti-inflammatory medications may aid in the diagnosis.
Once it is established that inflammatory bowel disease is present, there are several treatment options. Mild cases of IBD tend to respond well to corticosteroid administration. If caught early, this treatment can eliminate the problem as a future concern in some cats. In older cats or where the disease is well established, medication may be necessary lifelong. Other medications used for this include metronidazole and azathioprine. These medications can be used in combination in severe cases of IBD.
Some cats may have IBD due to food allergies. It is always a good idea to consider this possibility and to use a diet free from any ingredients the cat has previously eaten for a period of several months to be sure that food allergies are not present. Your vet can help you design a good diet for this purpose or provide you with commercial foods made to be hypoallergenic.
Curing cats of this condition is not always possible but most will respond to treatment and be able to live fairly normal lives.
Mike Richards, DVM

IBD and
Dear Dr. Richards,
Thank you very much for your reply, I love your detailed answers!
I have another question now. My elder cat was diagnosed with IBD after exploratory operation in December,and he is now on Prednison (2 pills every other day). One week after surgery our vet also found Giardia in his stool, and the cat was on Novo-Nidazol (125g every day for 6 days - the weight of the cat is 14 lbs.). It seems to help him and he doesn't have diarrhea anymore, although his stool is not always perfectly formed.
My question is: for how long in your opinion should he stay on Prednisone? Our vet gave us about 400 pills - enough for the whole year. Is it really necessary? Can we lessen his dosage since he looks fine to me? And if yes, then when and how - 2 pills every third day? 1 pill every other day? I know we cannot just stop giving him the pills, but what is the scheme of gradual finishing this medication?
Thanks again for your help, I really appreciate it!
Have a great day,
Corinne
Answer: Corinne-
We usually try to keep cats who respond well to prednisone for IBD on the medication for about six months. At that time, we try to wean them off of the medication. If we have been using it daily, we go to every other day for 5 to 10 doses, then cut the dose in half for 5 to 10 doses, then go to every third day at this reduced dosage for 5 to 10 doses and then stop the medication, if the reduction in dosage has been effective. We chose six months as a compromise between recommendations in the literature, because we have seen recommendations to use prednisone for as short a time as 3 months prior to trying to wean patients off the medication and as long as a year prior to making this attempt.
Your vet may have experiences that indicate the longer period is better or may have strong feelings about the reliability of the information from one of the people who recommends longer durations of treatment prior to attempting to wean a patient off of the prednisone. We often try limited antigen diets (one protein source) prior to using corticosteroids, so we take one dietary approach prior to their use. Lately, we have been going for short periods of time, usually six to eight weeks, and starting different dietary changes such as adding essential fatty acids to the diet or using diets that already have some fortification of these ingredients, such as the hair ball formula diets. We seem to
be having some luck with this approach, but definitely not total success.
We do have patients who we have to keep on prednisone or on intermittent injections of
methylprednisolone acetate (DepoMedrol Rx) to control symptoms of IBD. We have had patients on these medications for several years in some instances without being able to successfully wean them off the medications. Many of these cats do develop secondary problems as a result of long term corticosteroid use, so we really prefer not to take this approach.
When the time comes to think about lowering the dosage of corticosteroids or weaning your cat off of them entirely, it is very important to get directions for doing this from your vet so that he knows what is going on if any problems occur during the dosage reduction period.
Mike Richards, DVM
1/26/2001

IBD and long term use of prednisone in cats
Question: Dr. Mike,
I have been reading a variety of your responses to people on various topics.
I am so happy to have found your site.
I have a cat, Pinkie, who was diagnosed with IBD 15 months ago. She was
only 2 years old at the time of diagnosis. I rescued her when she was about
10 months old (feral colony). She was not in very good shape: very thin,
bad coat and serious URI. With care and good food, she responded quickly,
put on weight, and seemed to become a healthy and happy cat.
In late spring 1999, she had a bout of diarrhea which cleared up after a
couple days of RD. During the summer of 1999, she became sick one weekend.
The symptoms were vomiting and diarrhea. Another one of my cats had a milder
bout of the same thing. Treatment was fluids and medication for vomiting.
Xrays showed no blockage. Bloodtest showed elivated ALT which was deemed to
be related to the vomiting. After Pinkie felt better, she continued to have
diarrhea. After trying metronidazole, another antibiotic, and lomotil, my
general vet sent me to an internal medicine specialist. An endosopy/biopsy
indicated IBD.
The treatment approach was:
2 weeks on an antibiotic for spiral bacterial in the intestinal track and
1/4 tablet of metronidazole (250 mg) twice per day. I tried switching her
from Science Diet Lite to Lamb and Rice (which she didn't seem to like) so I
kept her on her standard diet for these 2 weeks.
Then:
Diet - Duck and Rice
Metronidazole 1/4 250 mg tablet twice per day.
Prednizone 5 mg twice per day.
2 weeks no response.
Increased prednizone to 7 1/2 mg twice per day.
2 weeks very minimal response -- stools were still loose (pudding rather
than liquid however)
Added 1/2 tablet 2 mg leukeran once every other day.
2 more weeks - still minimal response, possibly some improvement but too
slow
Changed diet to WD
Stools became soft but formed.
Over the period of the next year, I was able to reduce the prednizone to 1 5
mg tablet once per day. Stools were stable with intermittent vomiting of
undigested food immediately after eating (perhaps 1 time per week or every
two weeks). At one point, I tried to reduce the leukeran to once every 3
days, but stools seemed to become softer so I returned to the original dose
immediately. Also, one time during the year, Pinkie had an instance of
vomiting (not the undigested food -- more like bile) and wet diarrhea. I
took her immediately to the vet for fluids and medication for vomiting which
resolved the problem quickly.
In September, we thought it reasonable to attempt to reduce the prednizone
slowly since her stools had been stable for quite a while. I tried 5 mg
every 36 hours instead of every 24 hours. This was one week after her
annual checkup where she received her FVRCP. After about one week on the
new medication frequency, she had an instance of wet diarrhea and vomiting.
I immediately took her in for fluids and medication for vomiting. We put
her back on 5 mg prednizone 2 times per day. The vomiting ceased, but the
stools stayed borderline. At this point, I have her on:
1/4 250 mg tablet of metronidazole twice per day
1 1/2 5 mg tablets of prednizone twice per day
1/2 2 mg leukeran every other day
Stools are not great, partly soft/formed with occasional 'muck'. Pinkie
seems to feel well. She is slim compared to most housecats and has lost
some weight over the past year 8 lbs 3 oz to 7 lbs 14 oz. My vet indicates
that she looks good and is not concerned about this right now (it may be a
seasonal variation). She poops about 3 times per day.
I feel badly because my wish for her to be medication free may have caused
me to be too aggressive in trying to reduce her medications. I would
appreciate your perspective on the following:
1. I fear that the medications that I am giving Pinkie must be shortening
her life. I understand that untreated IBD is worse. What is your
perspective on the impact these drugs have on cats' longevity?
2. I recently heard of a new food by Science Diet called ZD (short
iminoacid chains) that may be useful in IBD cats . Have you had any
experience with this or thoughts?
3. Would you have any thoughts on additional things that I should discuss
with my vet as possible courses of action to help Pinkie? I noticed that
you mentioned omega fatty acid and tylosin in another response. I once
administered tylosin to kittens that I was fostering -- is this the powder
that is difficult to mix and tastes terrible? I would not want to stress
Pinkie out over medications. She is very easy to pill at this point.
Thank you in advance for your time and attention.
Answer: Betts-
I think that it is pretty hard to tell if the long term use of prednisone,
Metronidazole or chlorambucil will actually shorten the life span of an
individual patient but I think that these medications have that potential.
Prednisone's major side effects in cats are weight gain, increased
susceptibility to diabetes, decreases in immune system function making
secondary illness more likely, muscular weakness with long term use and
secondary effects on other conditions that develop during the cat's
lifetime, such as cardiomyopathy or kidney failure (doesn't cause these
problems but can make them worse). For cats that don't develop diabetes and
aren't exposed to other contagious illnesses, there may be no effect on
life span. From the standpoint of comfort prednisone is a toss-up. Many
human patients don't like side effects such as a bloated feeling, mood
changes, increased urination and thirst, etc. --- but often tolerate these
effects to get the benefits, if their particular disease condition warrants
it.
Metronidazole is pretty safe for long term use, with one exception --- it
may lead to cancer in some patients with long term use. This has been noted
in humans and rats (I think -- one of the lab animals, anyway) but has not
been shown to occur in either dogs or cats, for sure. However, it is
reasonable to presume that there is a small risk of inducing cancer with
long term use of metronidazole. It seems to me that the comfort provided is
often worth that risk, but it is something that has to be considered when
using metronidazole long term.
Chlorambucil has been used long term in many feline patients and if it
doesn't cause specific side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, its
use appears to be reasonably safe long term. I have not seen a list of
problems other than bone marrow suppression in cats, but there can be liver
damage, kidney damage or damage to the cilia lining airways with long term
use of this medication in humans. Except for bone marrow suppression the
side effects are reported to be rare occurrences.
We have not used z/d (tm) diet in our practice, yet. That is not because we
have no plans to do so, it is just that it is a new product and we have
just gotten ordering information on it. We have used HA (tm) diet, which is
a similar product made by Purina. These products contain hydrolyzed
proteins (sort of like partially digested proteins) which are altered to
make all proteins small enough that they do not stimulate the immune
system. In theory, these diets should not be able to cause an immune system
response and so they should work well to rule out the possibility of a food
allergy. Using novel protein diets (lamb/rice, duck/potato, salmon/rice,
etc) was the "old" way to rule out food allergies. These new hydrolyzed
protein diets probably will be better for this. I do not know how palatable
the z/d (tm) diet will be for cats, but we have had some resistance to HA
(tm) diet in the dogs when we have tried to use it. If Pinkie will eat the
diet it is worth a try.
There have been some articles that suggest that the omega n-3 fatty acids
(found in marine fish oils) may be beneficial for inflammatory bowel
disorders. We have tried these in a few dogs and cats (around 5 to 10) over
the last few months and two or three of the owners felt it helped a great
deal. The rest either saw no improvement or an increase in diarrhea (one
cat). These are also included in the hairball formula foods, I think, and
we have had a bunch of cat owners tell us that the Hill's hairball diet has
worked well for their cats. In fact, we usually advise trying this diet (or
similar ones from other companies) first in inflammatory bowel disease
cases, now. Remember when making any dietary changes to get your vet's
advice and to make changes very gradually, though. Lower fat diets, like
w/d (tm) diet, have also helped some of our patients in the past so I'm not
sure I'd change an approach that was working, although it would be good to
get off at least one of the immunosuppressive medications (prednisone or
chlorambucil) if possible, so it might be worth thinking about.
Tylosin (Tylan Rx) is hard to administer because it is a powder that tastes
bad, and consequently we usually use it as a last resort. About once a
year we have a patient we use it in and some of them do respond to the
medication, though. So we continue to think about it as a possibility when
other approaches don't work out.
Hope this helps some.
Mike Richards, DVM
11/19/2000

IBD and Diarrhea
Question: My 11 year old cat (Otto) was diagnosed with IBD last february after two months of a lot of vomiting, diarrhea, and unanswered questions. He was having diarrhea approximately 2x per day for about two to three weeks and then started vomiting several times a day. Through it all we treated him with streoids, fluid packs, and metronidazole (?). The metrol. on several occasions worked for awhile but within a week or so, after the diarrhea was mostly under control, he began to experience spells of spastic vomiting (20-30) times in 2 or 3 hours. This happened on numerous occasions. The vet treated him with a medicine to calm the spasms and then he would be okay for 2-3 days or even a week. (FYI-He always started the spastic vomiting in the middle of the night between 3:00-4:00am) At this time the diarrhea would start up again! Eventually, we ran tests on
his blood chemistry panel and his pancreatic function. His amylase count was elevated by multiples of 100 and his liver and kidneys also showed worrisome results. We could find nothing to treat exactly and the sickness was getting worse. The symptoms were worsening in both severity and frequency. He was vomiting blood, was listless, and the diarrhea was continuing. We decided to do exploratory surgery.
The surgery and biopsy revealed that Otto was suffering from IBD with secondary liver, kidney, and pancreas diseases. There was necrotic tissue on the duodenum. My vet felt that the secondary conditions would resolve as the IBD was controlled. The cat was put on Metrol. 2x/day, Urisodiol 1x/day, and Prednisone 2x/day for approx. one month. The gall bladder was also "expressed" while he was in surgery. The medications seemed to control the symptoms and we cautiously reduced the dosages to 1x/day after several weeks. These medications are still given to Otto daily. The cat has also been eating Purina NF for two years or so and this Rx diet was maintained and still continues.
The problem is this: for approximately 6 weeks now the cat has had diarrhea 1-2 times per day and it has not responded to his medications despite increasing the dosages. The vet first tried a sulfa antibiotic 1x/day and when it was clear it was not effective, now an antibiotic called Tylan powder 2x/day. He has been on the Tylan for approximately one week and the diarrhea does not seem to be resolving. It is occurring sometimes once and sometimes twice per day. There has not been much concurrent vomitting. He seems healthy, to have maintained weight, is drinking/eating/sleeping/playing as usual. The only change was that just about the same time the diarrhea recurred is when my cats and I moved into a new and fairly stressful environment. By this I mean that there is a cat already living in the home who doesn't like my older cat (Nigel) and this requires some juggling of who gets to raom and when. Otto and the resident cat get along fine but
I suspect Otto feels stressed by the whole environment. Unfortunately, I need to be here for an indefinite period of time. My vet and I are stumped. We are going to try a novel protein source which will be avail. in October (ZD?). If that doesn't work I think we are both at a loss. What do you recommend? Have we overlooked something? And is it harmful for the cat to have this type of chronic diarrhea or just a nuisance to me? He always makes it to the box so I am really just worried about the implications of bowel irritation and possible colon cancer, etc. Any help/advice you have to offer will be greatly appreciated! Sincerely, M
Answer: M-
The answer to your last question is that diarrhea that does not cause a change in attitude or weight loss, can often be tolerated with no detrimental effect on the cat. However, since there is often a progression over time to a condition in which weight loss, depression or other chronic illness occurs, it is a good idea to try to continue to make a diagnosis. Just in case, this is some additional information that might be helpful.
There is a condition in older cats, sometimes referred to as "triad syndrome" or "triaditis", in which pancreatitis, cholangiohepatitis ( a liver disease) and inflammatory bowel disease occur at the same time. This seems to have some sort of immune mediated origin in many of the cats and it can be very difficult to treat. It sounds like you and your vet have done well to get Otto stabilized and to the point he is at now.
Tylosin (Tylan Rx) is an antibiotic which can be helpful in some cases of inflammatory bowel disease and also is helpful when bacterial overgrowth occurs as a complication to the IBD. An antibiotic more specifically helpful in IBD is sulfasalazine, although it has to be used at lower dosages than in the dog (usually 10 to 20mg/kg every 12 hours in cats). Other antibiotics may have to be used, depending on the severity and location of infections that occur in conjunction with the IBD, pancreatitis or cholangiohepatitis.
It is sometimes necessary to use supplemental medications along with prednisone to control IBD. Chlorambucil is usually used in cats because it seems to have less potential for adverse side effects, but another option is azathioprine, which does sometimes have bad effects, so the severity of the IBD has to be considered before deciding to use this medication. When prednisone stops working or won't control the problem on its own, these are additional options.
The most commonly recommended diets are low residue diets (such as Eukanuba Low Residue (tm)) or limited antigen diets (one protein source). However, the new hydrolyzed diets, such as z/d (tm) offer an option that might even be better, although it is hard to be sure at this time.
Once in a while, it seems to help to give cats with these problems ranitidine (Zantac tm), usually 3.5mg/kg of body weight. This medication is usually used for megacolon problems but will sometimes help with diarrhea for other reasons. This part of this note isn't logical, nor is it common advice from vets treating IBD -- it is just something we think helps sometimes. I think this is especially true when stress does seem to be part of the problem.
Cancer is a possible problem but if it didn't show up in the biopsies and wasn't visible on the exploratory laparotomy, it is less likely to be a problem.
Good luck with this. You and your vets and Otto really have done well, so far, considering the severity of the clinical signs at times during Otto's illness.
Mike Richards, DVM
10/5/2000

IBD and problems getting Muffin to eat now
Question: I am a new subscriber to your service. My 8 year old tabby Muffin has been diagnosed with IBD (inflamatory bowel disease) in February of this year. She is under the care of a vet and receives cortisone injections when she is bad and prednisone tablets (5 mg per day). She had a complete blood work up and x-rays and was healthly. The cortisone at that point completely solved the problem and she would stop vomiting and continue eating. However, as time went on and as a result of this condition, she has turned into an extremely finikey eater. The injection she last received was August
11th. (her last injection before that was May 27th) She did very well and was scheduled to resume her pills on August 25th. Starting around the 23-24 she became very finikey, to the point that I had to force feed her baby food lamb. The following week she was no better and on August 31st she had not urinated for over 24 hours. I rushed her to the vet, he expressed her bladder, there was no obstruction, no high levels of white or red blood cells but a higher level of protein which my vet said suggested a uniary tract infection. He gave her a shot of antiobotics and cortisone and prescibed an antibotic called "celptabriog" (don't quote me on the spelling, I am trying to read his writing). Following this she urinated on her own Thursday afternoon, urinated and deficated Friday (9/1) morning and urinated Friday night. On Saturday morning she ate almost a whole can of Fancy Feast Turkey, however she vomited about 5 hours later, brown liquid. After that she became even more finikey, which given the fact that she had received the shot, this should not have been. I force fed her baby food lamb in a syringe, she would eat only small servings of cat food and some chicken (table food). She did not urinate again until Sunday at 4 am and Sunday again refused all food except about 1/4 of a 3 oz can of
Iams Lamb and Rice. At the suggestion of an vet emergency person, I gave her Baby Food Chicken which she said was blander than the lamb. It is now approximately 3:45 am on Monday, she ate some table chicken which I cooked for her. She again has not urinated.
One vet, and many of my friends think this is just being finikey. She is not lethergetic. She will not drink water, because as a wet food cat she has basically always ingnored it. What are your thoughts?
I am concerned that she might be hypersensative to the Fancy Feast (which I would have never started her on, had I known that it was so rich). I am getting a little desparate. Until she started with this problem six months ago, she was a cat that loved to eat and except for some allergy problems only went to the vet for her yearly check up. I would greatly appreciate your help.
Answer: L-
In an eight year old patient who requires prednisone daily and is not even responding well to that, at this time, I really think pursuing a diagnosis is a good idea. It isn't unusual for veterinarians to treat for suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) without definitively confirming the diagnosis. Continuing to treat intermittently, or through dietary control that works, seems reasonable to me. However when medication must be given continuously, it is better to back up a step and try to figure out for sure what is going on.
There are other approaches to figuring out what is going on, such as trying an elimination diet for food allergies, tapering off the prednisone and trying other medications, such as metronidazole, to see if it helps and checking for systemic illness such as liver disease, kidney problems, feline leukemia, feline immundeficiency virus and other possible contributors to reluctance to eat. If these things don't provide a strong clue to the origin of the eating problems, the process gets a little more complicated.
I tend to refer my patients needing a work-up for inflammatory bowel disease to an internal medicine specialist, because it is usually necessary to do an ultrasound or endoscopic exam, or both, to diagnose this condition and then identify the cause. Biopsies can be taken during examination with an endoscope and it is possible to make a definite diagnosis of the problem from these biopsies much of the time, but not always. It is important to try to differentiate intestinal lymphoma (a form of cancer) from other causes of IBD in patients with signs similar to Muffin, if possible. So it is worth the effort
to get biopsies, even though there is a chance they won't be diagnostic, since you also get the internal medicine specialist's (or endoscopist's) opinion about what was seen.
I think that the signs you are seeing are serious enough to warrant this sort of work up. Your vet can assess the overall situation better than I can, though. When you and your vet disagree about the seriousness of a problem it is a good idea to consider a second opinion, at least, though.
Mike Richards, DVM
9/10/2000

Inflammatory bowel disease
Question: Dear Dr. Mike -
Following a colonscopy and intestinal biopsy, my six-year-old cat was
recently diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. The vet reported
that her colon was so irritated that it was "cherry red." Her symptoms
included blood in her stool, some lethargy, and significantly increased
volume of stool. The stool was also a bit softer than usual.
My cat has been through tremendous changes in the past year including
the sudden loss of her litter mate, the adoption of a fairly aggressive
kitten, and the surrender of her former dominant position to the kitten.
She did, however, experience some digestive problems prior to all the
changes -- including one bout with acute Pancreatitis. She is a sweet,
sweet cat but fairly skittish.
As for diet, I feed her Iam's less active dry food and 1/2 ounce of wet
food (Fancy Feast Tuna or Iam's ocean fish). I would prefer to avoid a
lifetime of medication for her.
Is there a treatment you would recommend?
I thank you in advance for your help. Mimi
Answer: Mimi-
There are some things that you can do that might make it possible for you
to avoid long term use of medications to help your cat.
One thing you need to do early in this process is to see if you can get a
more specific diagnosis. Inflammatory bowel disease is a name that is
applied to a group of conditions that affect cats and sometimes, but not
always, it is possible to plan treatment alternatives or at least better
understand the prognosis of the condition, by getting a more exact idea of
what the particular cause is. If the pathologist who examined the biopsies
was able to give a more specific diagnosis it may be in the report.
The best hope for avoiding at least long term therapy is if this problem is
a food allergy. We always hope for these, since it is possible to control
the problem by avoiding the offending food ingredients that lead to the
allergy. To test for food allergies it is necessary to feed a completely
novel protein source, and only this one protein source, for six to eight
weeks. An example would be to feed duck or rabbit as a protein source IF
your cat hasn't had these in its diet previously. Your vet can help you
design an appropriate testing diet and explain all the details. The single
hardest part of food trials is that you must control what your cat eats
completely and there can't be any cheating on the diet. This makes it
impossible for some people to even do the testing, so it isn't an option
for all cats. But when a food allergy is identified, it does make it
possible to avoid long term control through medication.
A few cats also respond to higher fiber, or lower fiber, diets. Higher
fiber seems to work more often, so that is the usual starting
recommendation. This helps food and other stuff, like hair, move through
the digestive tract more easily and cuts down some on irritation. If you
are lucky, it cuts down enough to resolve the problem. That doesn't happen
all that often, though. It is OK to add fiber to the diet your cat prefers
by adding Vetasyl (tm) or some other fiber source like Metamucil (tm).
Other cats respond to omega (n3, n6, more towards n3) fatty acid
supplementation. These are available as food supplements, such as DermCaps
(tm) and OmegaDerm (tm). They don't help all cats and it is best to get the
symptoms under control (especially diarrhea) before starting these medications.
We have an occasional cat who will respond completely to two to three weeks
of metronidazole therapy and not require further therapy. We also have a
fair number of cats who respond sufficiently well to metronidazole that we
can use it on an "as needed" basis and not use other medications. We have
used tylosin (Tylan Rx) in a small number of cases, on a regular basis, as
well. It is an antibiotic and if it doesn't cause vomiting the side effects
seem minimal.
When it is clear that only immunosuppressive therapy is going to work, it
is usually best to bite the bullet and give this for at least three months
before trying to cut back on the dosage. Then it is OK to try to cut the
dosage back gradually. Sometimes, a relatively short course, like this, of
corticosteroids, will suppress the IBD symptoms for a long time. Other cats
do require protracted, or even lifelong, administration of corticosteroids,
though. If this happens, the goal is to use the least possible dose and the
longest possible dosing interval -- so try for every other day, every third
day, etc.
I really do think that the stresses of life can induce some of these
problems and that the cases where this has happened might be the most
likely to respond to therapy.
One other consideration is that inflammatory bowel disorders do become
self-perpetuating and also sometimes seem to spread to other areas of the
digestive tract (occurring in conjunction with pancreatitis and
cholangiohepatitis) so effective treatment, even though it is difficult,
may help to slow or prevent the escalation of clinical signs or spread to
other related organ systems.
Hope this helps some.
Mike Richards, DVM
2/20/2000

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) likely
Question: Hi Dr Mike!
My cat Bosco, age 6, has his share of health problems. First, he has a
history of FUS (1997 & 1998). Second, Bosco has had a regular habit of
vomiting (1x-2x a month). However, my vet attributed this type of vomiting
to eating food too fast. It really similar to a regurgitation because the
food was not digested and it would happen within a few minutes of eating
his food. Third, during a routine checkup in 1998, my vet detected a heart
murmur. A heart specialist performed an ultrasound and his study showed a
mild sub-aortic stenosis due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (congenital).
Since then, Bosco has been on 1/4 of a 2.5 mg. tablet of atenolol and
Hill's senior diet. The good news is that last month, his yearly follow up
ultrasound showed no signs of a heart murmur and all parameters improved.
Now for the current problem. Bosco started vomiting 6 days ago. This
time the vomit was digested food in a yellow-greenish bile. He lost his
appetite, although he shows interest in food. His behavior is normal. His
coat looked slightly dry and ratty. I tried to feed him baby food (turkey)
but he only lapped up less than 1/2 teaspoon. Vomiting continued each day
so I took him to the vet (2 days ago) and they took a blood test, a urine
test, administered fluids (he was slightly dehydrated), and gave him a
vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C injection and his temperature was normal.
The blood test came out normal with no indication of kidney or liver
problems. Since his visit to the vet, he has twice vomited small amounts of
yellow-green bile and still not eating his regular food.
My vet now wants to perform X-rays and some sort of test where they watch
the digestive system in process to see if there is any blockage. My
question to you is how far does one go with all these expensive testing
procedures (over $300) when my intuition tells me that Bosco just has an
upset stomach (gastritis). This morning he started to eat a little. I was
able to feed him approx. 1 tablespoon of the baby food. Shouldn't we
be treating for gastritis first, then if it fails, consider testing? What
procedure vs. price justification should a vet consider for treating a
stomach/intestinal problem? Do you have any thoughts as to what Bosco may
be suffering from? Thank you in advance.
Jackie
Answer: Jackie-
It is important in cats to get them back to eating as quickly as possible
when they have a problem that makes them stop eating. Cats can induce liver
disease (hepatic lipidosis) simply by not eating. So I understand your
vet's desire to try to find a cause for the problem and correct it.
I am not sure that X-rays using a contrast material or BIPS (barium
impregnated capsules) is the thing I would do first, but that would depend
on what I found during the physical exam. There may be a reason that your
vet thinks an intestinal blockage is likely. He or she should be willing to
explain why this is the first test that seems necessary, though.
With the history of occasional vomiting, I would be worried about Bosco
having an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) problem that has worsened over
time and led to the current situation. The best way to diagnose IBD and to
differentiate between the various causes of it, is to endoscopic exam of
the digestive tract. However, I do think that it is reasonable, when there
is no contraindication based on lab work or physical exam, to try a short
course of metronidazole to see if there is an improvement in the cat's
condition. I do not know of any interaction between metronidazole and
atenolol. Sometimes, probably when the cause of inflammation is bacterial
overgrowth, this treatment will resolve the problem for a long time. Most
of the time it is just helpful in giving an indication of whether to look
for IBD or for other problems.
It is often necessary to use cortisones or other immunosuppressive agents
for long term control of inflammatory bowel disease. This would be a major
concern with a previous diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, though.
Our experience has been that corticosteroids can make cardiomyopathy
symptoms much worse. If over time this does appear to be IBD and medication
does seem necessary, it would be a really good idea to discuss proposed
medications with the cardiologist prior to using them.
Whatever else goes on, it is very important to get Bosco back to the point
where he is eating satisfactorily. You will need to work with your vet to
get to that point, but it is OK to ask why procedures have been proposed
and to ask about alternatives. Your vet should be willing to discuss these
things with you. Sometimes I have to tell a client that I just have a "gut
feeling" that one approach is better than another. If that is the
situation, you will just have to decide to go with your vet's plan or go
with your own gut feelings. It can be a tough situation but you have to
live with the consequences so it has to be your choice.
Good luck with this. Hopefully he is eating now and this is resolving on
its own.
Mike Richards, DVM
4/15/2000

Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms, Thyroid testing
Question: Hi Dr. Mike,
I have a 17 yr old female cat named Topaz. She had an increased appetite
for the last 6 months (approx.) and when I took her to the vet, suspecting
feline hyperthyroidism, all her blood work was more or less normal, except for
some elevated white blood cells. Her heart rate was also normal. The vet said
she probably had inflammatory bowel disease, since her intestines felt hard and
thickened. The increased appetite is due to her not being able to absorb
enough nutrients. She prescribed metronidazole and prednisone. They seemed
to help a little, but now they're finished and she seems to be doing poorly
again.
She eats OK, but doesn't beg for food like before. When she's not eating,
she sits or lies in one chair most of the day and night. Her fur is getting a
bit matted, and she's very bony. After she eats I can hear her stomach
(intestines?) gurgling and squeaking. Her stools seem normal, except I have
seen blood in them sometimes. Also, she refuses to use the little box for
her bowel movements, and goes near instead of in it.
I am worried that she is in pain. How can I tell? The vet said she may have
cancer, but it's an expensive process to diagnose and treat it, and we just
don't have that kind of money right now.
Lately her pupils have looked dilated, and as I said she only gets out of
her chair when it's time to eat (3 times a day). If she's not sleeping she just
kind of stares into space a lot and purrs. It doesn't seem like a happy
purr, though. When she's hungry, she will come upstairs if necessary (slowly) to
tell me it's time to eat.
I don't want her to suffer. Should I be considering euthanasia? How will I
know when it's time? Dr. Mike, this is causing me a lot of heartache, please
answer soon.
Thank you very much,
A. S.
Answer: A.S.-
It may be worthwhile to run a free T4 test, just to see if it is too high.
This test can sometimes help distinguish a thyroid level that is too high
for a particular cat but which still falls within the normal range. We have
seen several cats in our practice whose total T4 levels (the usual value
tested for) were well within the normal range, who had hyperthyroidism
based on T3 suppression testing (most accurate but probably more expensive)
or on free T4 testing using the equilibrium dialysis method of testing.
There is some concern about free T4 levels rising in kidney failure and
possibly some other conditions so it has to be thought of in conjunction
with other clinical signs.
Your vet is right that there are other possibilities and it is sometimes
pretty easy to tell that inflammatory bowel disease is present based on
intestinal palpation (or at least to get a pretty good indication of it by
that). Intestinal lymphoma, a cancer, is fairly common in cats and is
considered to be one cause of inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. The best
way to diagnose this is intestinal biopsy and it is somewhat expensive to
get biopsy samples of the intestine, no matter now it is done.
I don't think of any of these conditions as painful but all are probably
uncomfortable.
The dilated pupils concern me, because this can occur with hypertension
(high blood pressure) as a secondary problem when hyperthyroidism or kidney
failure are present. Kidney failure should have shown up in the lab work
and therefore is less of a concern. Hypertension leads to retinal
hemorrhages which are visible on an ophthalmic exam so this is something
else to think about asking your vet about.
I honestly think that most cats and dogs can communicate to their owners
the point at which they are miserable or in pain. I really think you will
be able to tell when your cat is at this point. But just in case, stopping
eating is a good sign of depression or severe illness and is often the
first sign that a situation is becoming grave. Topaz will probably give you
stronger hints than that since you seem to be in tune with how she feels.
I would not euthanize a cat of mine if I could not treat hyperthyroidism.
It is a serious illness, it will eventually cause death but most cats just
don't seem to feel bad enough, to me, to make me think about euthanasia
until late in the illness.
It is hard to be certain of what might be going on. A good physical exam,
including a look at her retinas and feeling for thyroid gland enlargement
would be a good recheck step -- and then you just have to decide whether to
pursue further testing, or not. Doing further thyroid testing might be
worthwhile since it is less expensive and less hard on Topaz than trying to
get intestinal biopsy specimens.
Hope this helps some.
Mike Richards, DVM
10/22/99

Inflammatory bowel disease
Q: I have a male cat about 12 years old. For the past couple of years he has
suffered with IBD severely. He was first diagnosed in Raleigh at the vet.
hospital / school. He was put on a diet of IAMS Lamb & rice (canned) and
takes antibiotics, sometimes predniosone(sp.) and 1/4 pepcid ac. Right
now he is taking the antibiotics and pepcid. He vomits alot sometimes reddish like
blood. At one time he had diarrhea passing blood as well. He weighs approx.
13 lbs now. At one time he weighed nearly 20 lbs as he is a tall cat, large
bones. He eats several times a day (like 10 maybe) not alot at one time
just a bite or 2. Does this aggravate this disease? Is there any advice you can
give me to help with it? Any help at this time will be eternally grateful.
He is a inside house cat and I love him very much. It really tears me up to
hear and see him sick. Thank you.
Barbara
A: Barbara-
Eating small meals frequently probably does not cause problems with
inflammatory bowel disease. There are several possible causes of this
condition and they respond to different treatment approaches. It would also
be good to consider checking, or rechecking, for hyperthyroidism given the
weight loss that your cat is experiencing.
Inflammatory bowel disease that is due to food hypersensitivities often
will respond to feeding a "single antigen" diet. This is a diet that has
only one protein source, preferably one that the cat has not eaten
previously. Meats such as duck, venison and even ostrich are used to try
make sure that the cat has not been exposed to the diet previously. Your
vet can help find a suitable diet if you want to try this approach.
Increasing or decreasing the fiber in the diet helps some cats with
inflammatory bowel disorders. When intestinal lymphoma is present
cortisones are often helpful. It would be good to try to determine what the
underlying cause is, if that has not been done. The vets at NC State may
already have an idea of that so it may be best to contact them for advice.
Good luck with this problem.
Mike Richards, DVM

Inflammatory bowel disease
Q: Dear Dr. Mike,
I really enjoy your website. Thank you for bringing such a great resource to
us pet owners who want to be better educated about the health of their
faithful companions!
My 12 year old cat has been blessed with good health thus far. In the last
year, she has developed one symptom which concerns me. She intermittently
leaves a spot of blood and mucus on the floor. It originally occurred maybe
once every week to two weeks. It was literally just one drop, and it was a
varying mixture of blood (sort of clot-like, or varicose-vein looking),
mucus, and occasionally some really smelly, runny stool. She left it in all
sorts of places, and I think she didn't realize when it was happening to her, because
she once did it on my arm as I was holding her and she was just purring away.
I first took her to my regular vet. He felt her abdomen and took X-rays, but
didn't find anything. He examined her rectum with his finger and said there
was nothing unusual there. He said her anal glands were normal and
everything else as far up as he could feel. He listed my options as being
1) to do nothing and wait and see if it worsens or disappears, or
2) to get an endoscopic exam from an internal medicine vet. He gave me a couple of
references in my area.
I decided to wait a little bit. Over the next few months, the condition
persisted. It didn't get worse or better. I called my vet sometimes to
update him and brought her there another time or two. Still there was
nothing that he could find. The strange thing is that she is entirely normal - happy
and apparently healthy - in every other way. Nothing unusual about her
eating habits, exercise, or stool.
I took her to another vet who had the same results. He recommended one other
option before going for the endoscopy. He gave me some antibiotics as a more
conservative treatment first, in case it was some sort of bacterial thing.
This was not easy to do with my cat (getting her to swallow pills).
Actually, it was impossible. I would have tried harder, but the vet said that this was
just something to try, that there was no hard evidence that this would help,
and so not to traumatize her.
I finally decided to take her to the vet. of internal medicine. By this
time, her stool seemed to be a little softer and smellier than normal, but not
extremely so. This doctor was recommended by both vets. She listened to my
story and discouraged me from getting an endoscopy. She thought it to be a
rather extreme procedure given the symptom. Although she thought it might be
inflammatory bowel syndrome, she indicated that it is a slow-developing
disease, and that it would surely be in the early stages. She suggested
trying to get more fiber in her diet.
So, since March or so, I have been giving her 1/4 to 1/3 a teaspoon of
metamucil every day. I have had to start giving her wet food in order to get
her to eat it. It seems to be less frequent, but I still see it perhaps once
a month or so. Her stool is still pretty soft and smelly. I don't know if
the wet food would counteract the extra fiber or not.
Do you have any other ideas of what these symptoms may be caused by or any
better of an idea of where to look? Should I be taking more aggressive
action in treatment options? Are there any other treatment options?
Please advise! I can't bear to think of her getting irreversibly ill because
I didn't follow up on the signs she was giving me.
Thank you for your time,
Erika
A: Erika-
I do not have any better ideas as to what might be going on. Your vets all
sound like they have done pretty well in ruling out possible problems and
then giving reasonable advice.
Giving the Metamucil with wet food doesn't harm its effect and may enhance
it since the fiber works best after absorbing water.
I have had patients with very similar symptoms and can not recall ever
really knowing what the cause was except for one cat that had a lump or
polyp that eventually protruded a little from her rectum. It was easy to
identify and to remove after it made itself apparent. I can't remember the
other cats really getting into trouble due to this problem, either.
It sounds like you are doing pretty well with the decrease in frequency. If
the symptoms become more frequent again the best course of action would
probably be to call the specialist and see if the changes make her more
inclined to do the endoscopic exam.
I wish I could help more than this.
Mike Richards, DVM

Inflammatory bowel disease
Q: My cat has problems with his stomach so I have to keep switching his diet but one major hurdle at a time I guess. Some foods he throws up right away, others he does okay on for a week or two before vomiting. My old vet mentioned it might have something to do with an irritated stomach. Have you ever heard of that? Thanks for your thoughts! Joyce
A: Your vet may have been referring to inflammatory bowel disease in your cat. This is a condition that is pretty common in cats and causes vomiting on an intermittent basis. Sometimes it will worsen and the vomiting occurs on a nearly continuous basis. In general, I think it is a good idea to consider making a sure diagnosis and treating this condition if the vomiting is happening more than once or twice a week.
Mike Richards, DVM

Inflammatory bowel disease and urinary tract problem
Q: My cat's a (beautiful!) 7 yr old domestic longhair. Fed Iams dry for 6 yrs, then started doing 1/2 Iams and 1/2 canned. Developed a urinary infection 6 months ago, on antibiotics for a month. Was on W/D, now on 1/2 Iams & 1/2 Science Diet Feline Maintenance. Gave her Petromalt, threw up a hairball, now 4 days later is still throwing up. Eats little, throws it up later with dry heaves too. After second day, she drank a lot of water and threw it up in about 1 minute. Spent $250 at vet, no answer yet. Detailed blood work all normal. No crystals in urine, some white cells, am waiting for results of culture. On Baytril now. The day before I gave her Petromalt she had just finished a 2 week course of Cefa from another vet I took her to for a check since she had dribbled urine once but wasn't straining or showing any other signs of any problem. I feel like I KNOW something's still wrong, but I don't know how to find an answer. How can I get her to stop throwing up and keep some food down? She's been using the litter, so she must be keeping some water down somewhere. Can you help? Thank you!
A: You may have two problems going on at the same time with what you describe.
The urinary tract problem may be cystitis, bladder stones, bladder cancer, incontinence or may relate to problem encouraging urine production (although most of those, like diabetes and kidney failure) would show up on normal labwork. This problem may be under control at this time based on the history you gave.
Vomiting is sometimes associated with urinary tract disease in cats but that isn't the most common cause. Inflammatory bowel disease is the most common cause of chronic vomiting in older cats and hyperthyroidism is the second most common cause, probably. Neither of these diseases show up well in labwork because the values all tend to be normal. Some blood panels do include T4 levels, which can indicate hyperthyroidism if they are elevated. Not eating can lead to hepatic lipidosis. Cats with this condition often have nearly normal lab values on routine test panels, too. It may take a couple of visits to your vet to sort through these possible causes of the symptoms you are seeing. Please continue to work with your vet to resolve this problem.
Mike Richards, DVM

Last edited 03/12/04

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